Posts Tagged ‘Nazca Plate’
Posted by feww on August 24, 2018
ER: RQD– kp– JSCDPRNB
FMR – 082402
Deep-focus earthquake strikes near Peru-Brazil border
Magnitude: 7.1 mww
Location: 11.042°S, 70.817°W; 609.5 km depth
Time: 2018-08-24 09:04:06 UTC
Secondary Effects
Recent earthquakes in this area have caused secondary hazards such as landslides that might have contributed to losses.
Tectonic Summary
Over the past century, 95 earthquakes of M 7+ have occurred at depths greater than 300 km globally; 12 of these were located in the same region as the August 24, 2018 event. The largest nearby events at these depths were a doublet of M 7.6 earthquakes 60-110 km to the northwest of the August 24, 2018 earthquake in November 2015. [USGS]
Diagnostics
- Diagnostics available via FIRE-EARTH PULSARS.
FIRE-EARTH EARTHQUAKE FORECAST
FIRE-EARTH Forecast for the region and nearby seismicity is available via FIRE-EARTH PULSARS.
Posted in News Alert | Tagged: Deep-focus earthquake, earthquake, M7.1, Nazca Plate, Peru-Chile Trench, Seismicity | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on April 25, 2017
G-194K
M6.9 quake strikes 39km W of Valparaiso, Chile
The quake struck at a depth of about 25km offshore central Chile, but did not generate a widespread destructive tsunami.
Earthquake Details [USGS]
Magnitude: 6.9 mww [thrust faulting, Nazca and Pacific plates]
Depth: 25.0 km
Time: 21:38:26.130 (UTC) on 2017-04-24
Distances [emsc-csem]
- 110 km NW of Santiago, Chile [pop: 4,838,000]
- 8 km NW of Valparaíso, Chile [pop: 283,000]
[Analysis available from FIRE-EARTH PULSARS.]
Posted in News Alert | Tagged: chile earthquake, earthquake, FIRE-EARTH PULSARS, Nazca Plate, Pacific Plate, Valparaiso | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on May 27, 2016
M5.2 – 13km WNW of Campoverde, Peru
Location: 8.450°S 74.927°W (13.0 km WNW of Campoverde, Peru) depth=132.4 km
Time: 2016-05-27 10:00:49 (UTC)
M4.6 – 103km ESE of Khonsa, India
Location: 26.517°N 96.447°E (103.0 km ESE of Khonsa, India) depth=74.8 km
Time: 2016-05-27 05:03:11 (UTC)
M5.8 quake strikes SSE of Naze, Japan
Location: 26.987°N 130.195°E (168.0 km SSE of Naze, Japan) depth=10.0 km
Time: 2016-05-27 03:44:29 (UTC)
M6.4 – 19km S of Ndoi Island, Fiji
Location: 20.826°S 178.671°W (19.0 km S of Ndoi Island, Fiji) depth=572.1 km
Time: 2016-05-27 04:08:44 (UTC)
Posted in News Alert | Tagged: earthquake, Fiji, India, Inutabu Seamount, Japan, Nazca Plate, peru, Tonga | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on May 18, 2016
PYM
NOTE: Details of this event are subject to change by USGS/EHP
M6.8 event occurs NW of Rosa Zarate, Ecuador
Centered at 0.465°N, 79.641°W, 24.0 km (14.9 mi) NW of Rosa Zarate, and just north of the Equator, the quake occurred at a depth of 31km (19.3 mi), reported USGS/EHP.
- The event was the second strong shock to rattle NW Ecuador in under 10 hours, today (UTC).
Shallow EQs along Nazca – S. America Plates Subduction Zone
- 1960. M9.5 in S Chile (world’s largest instrumentally recorded earthquake)
- 1906. M8.5 near Esmeraldas, Ecuador
- 1922. M8.5 earthquake near Coquimbo, Chile
- 2001. M8.4 Arequipa, Peru
- 2007. M8.0 earthquake Pisco, Peru
- 2010. M8.8 Maule, Chile (occurred ~ 200km north of the 1960 event)
Related links
FIRE-EARTH Beacons Schedule:
Additional Information will be beamed at 22:02UTC (May 18, 2016) and 00:04UTC (May 19, 2016)
Posted in "QF", News Alert | Tagged: earthquake, ecuador, FIRE-EARTH BEACONS, HPV, Mache-Chindul, Nazca Plate, PYM, Quito | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on May 18, 2016
HPV
M6.7 earthquake occurs WNW of Quito, Ecuador
Centered at 0.428°N, 79.765°W, just north of the Equator, the quake occurred at a depth of depth=32.4 km (20.1 mi), reported USGS/EHP.
EQ Details
Magnitude: 6.7Mw [USGS/EHP]
Location: 0.428°N, 79.765°W depth=32.4 km (20.1 mi)
Time: 2016-05-18 07:57:05 (UTC)
Distances:
- 34.0 km (21.1 mi) WNW of Rosa Zarate
- 35.0 km (21.7 mi) ESE of Muisne
- 56.0 km (34.8 mi) S of Propicia
- 101.0 km (62.8 mi) NW of Santo Domingo de los Colorados
- 156.0 km (96.9 mi) WNW of Quito, Ecuador
Shallow EQs along Nazca – S. America Plates subduction zone
- 1960. M9.5 in S Chile (world’s largest instrumentally recorded earthquake)
- 1906. M8.5 near Esmeraldas, Ecuador
- 1922. M8.5 earthquake near Coquimbo, Chile
- 2001. M8.4 Arequipa, Peru
- 2007. M8.0 earthquake Pisco, Peru
- 2010. M8.8 Maule, Chile (occurred ~ 200km north of the 1960 event)
Posted in News Alert | Tagged: earthquake, ecuador, HPV, Mache-Chindul, Nazca Plate, Quito | 1 Comment »
Posted by feww on November 26, 2015
M6.7 aftershock occurs SSW of Tarauaca, Brazil
The event, strongest of a dozen aftershocks to occur in the region, followed a powerful earthquake doublet that struck Peru-Brazil border region about 31 hours earlier.
Event Detail
Magnitude: 6.7Mw
Location: 9.191°S, 71.288°W ()
Depth: 599.4km
Time: 2015-11-26 05:45:18 UTC
Nearby Cities
- 127km (79mi) SSW of Tarauaca, Brazil
- 153km (95mi) SW of Feijo, Brazil
- 230km (143mi) SE of Cruzeiro Do Sul, Brazil
- 289km (180mi) W of Sena Madureira, Brazil
- 702km (436mi) ENE of Lima, Peru
Source: USGS/EHP
Related Links
Posted in News Alert | Tagged: Brazil, Doublet Earthquakes, earthquake, Nazca Plate, Peru-Brazil Border, Tarauaca | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on November 25, 2015
Two M7.6 Earthquakes Strike SE Peru
The deep-focus earthquake doublet struck at a depth of about 600 km, approximately 1,000km east of the Peru-Chile Trench within the subducted oceanic lithosphere of the Nazca plate, where the Nazca plate subducts to the east under the South America plate at a velocity of about 69 mm/y, reported USGS/EHP.
The doublet occurred 5 minutes apart; separated about 50 km horizontally, and just over 6km vertically. The second earthquake was most probably triggered by the first event, said the report.
EQ Details
M7.6 located 10.047°S, 71.023°W about 210km S of Tarauaca, Brazil 2015-11-24 22:50:53 UTC depth of 611.7km
Distances:
- 269km (167mi) WNW of Cobija, Bolivia
- 271km (168mi) WNW of Brasileia, Brazil
- 692km (430mi) ENE of Lima, Peru
M7.6 located 10.548°S, 70.904°W about 169km WNW of Iberia, Peru 2015-11-24 22:45:38 UTC depth of 600.6km
Distances:
- 239km (149mi) WNW of Cobija, Bolivia
- 241km (150mi) WNW of Brasileia, Brazil
- 688km (428mi) ENE of Lima, Peru
Other Significant Events
- M6.0 located 18.791°N, 145.311°E about 37km W of Agrihan, Northern Mariana Islands 2015-11-24 13:21:35 UTC depth of 586.2km
Posted in News Alert | Tagged: Amazonia, Doublet Earthquakes, earthquake, Nazca Plate, Peru-Brazil Border | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on June 20, 2015
UPDATED
Strong earthquake strikes 88kmNW of Concepcion, Chile
Centered at 36.329°S, 73.817°W the quake occurred at a depth of 10.0 km (6.2 mi), said USGS/EHP.
EQ Details
Magnitude: 6.4Mw
Location: 36.329°S, 73.817°W; depth=10.0 km (6.2 mi)
Time: 2015-06-20 02:10:06 (UTC)
Nearby Cities:
- 76km (47mi) NW of Talcahuano, Chile
- 83km (52mi) WNW of Tome, Chile
- 87km (54mi) WNW of Penco, Chile
- 88km (55mi) NW of Concepcion, Chile
- 430km (267mi) SW of Santiago, Chile
[http://www.emsc-csem.org/]
Magnitude: 6.4Mw
Region: OFFSHORE BIO-BIO, CHILE
Date time: 2015-06-20 at 02:10:05.0 UTC
Location: 36.32 S,73.74 W
Depth: 2 km [unconfirmed]
Distances:
- 425 km SW of Santiago, Chile / pop: 4,837,295
- 84 km NW of Concepción, Chile / pop: 215,413
- 71 km NW of Talcahuano, Chile / pop: 252,968
Posted in News Alert | Tagged: chile, earthquake, Nazca Plate, Peru-Chile Trench | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on March 11, 2015
M6.2 quake strikes near Aratoca, Colombia
Centered at 6.769°N, 72.970°W the quake struck at a depth of about 157 km shaking building in several cities including Aratoca, Bucaramanga, Malaga, Piedecuesta, San Gil and was reportedly felt in as far away as the capital Bogota, according to local reports.
EQ Details
Magnitude: 6.2Mw
Event Time: 2015-03-10 at 20:55:44 (UTC)
Nearby Cities:
- 10km (6mi) NE of Aratoca, Colombia
- 25km (16mi) SSE of Piedecuesta, Colombia
- 27km (17mi) WNW of Malaga, Colombia
- 29km (18mi) NE of San Gil, Colombia
- 268km (167mi) NNE of Bogota, Colombia
Posted in News Alert | Tagged: Aratoca, Caribbean plate, colombia, Colombian Trench, earthquake, Nazca Plate, South America Plate | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on August 25, 2014
HEIGHTENED GLOBAL SEISMICITY
SEISMIC HAZARD
SCENARIOS 023, 09, 08, 07
.
Magnitude 6.9 earthquake strikes near Tambo, Peru
Centered at 14.586°S, 73.578°W the quake struck at a depth of 101.0km (62.8mi), said USGS/EHP.
There were no reports of casualties or major damage, as of posting.
The quake zone is reportedly plagued by multiple copper, silver and gold mines.
EQ Details
Event Time: 2014-08-24 23:21:45 UTC
Location: 14.586°S 73.578°W depth=101.0km (62.8mi)
Nearby Cities
- 43km (27mi) ENE of Tambo, Peru
- 61km (38mi) ENE of Puquio, Peru
- 105km (65mi) S of Andahuaylas, Peru
- 129km (80mi) SW of Abancay, Peru
- 467km (290mi) SE of Lima, Peru
IMPORTANT NOTICE: FIRE-EARTH Earthquake Forecasts
For detailed earthquake forecasts tune into FIRE-EARTH Reports daily @ 06:32UTC.
Posted in earthquake report, Global Disaster watch, significant events | Tagged: earthquake, FIRE-EARTH earthquake FORECAST, Nazca Plate, peru, South America Plate, South American arc, Tambo | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on February 18, 2014
Seismic Hazard
.
M6.7 quake strikes 172km NNE of Bathsheba, Barbados
The event was preceded by a 5.7 shock (centered 6.536°N, 71.686°W) that occurred at a depth of 27.7km (17.2mi) about 9km NNE of Tame, Colombia at 9:41:34UTC on February 17.

Earthquake Location Map. Source: USGS/EHP
Earthquake Details [USGS/EHP]
- Event Time: 09:27:14 UTC on 2014-02-18
- Location: 14.700°N, 58.800°W depth=10.0km (6.2mi)
- Nearby Cities:
- 181km (112mi) NNE of Bathsheba, Barbados
- 197km (122mi) NNE of Bridgetown, Barbados
- 230km (143mi) E of Le Robert, Martinique
Posted in Significant Event Imagery, significant events | Tagged: barbados, Bathsheba, Caribbean Region, Cayman Trench, Cocos plate, colombia, earthquake 2014, Nazca Plate, North America plate, South America Plate | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on November 1, 2013
Strong Quake Strikes 43km SW of Coquimbo, Chile
The quake follows an earlier strong shock that occurred at 35.413°S, 72.368°W on October 30, 2013.
Earthquake Details
- Magnitude: 6.6Mw
- Event Time: 2013-10-31 @ 23:03:56 UTC
- Location: 30.315°S 71.733°W
- Depth: 10.7km (6.6mi)
- Nearby Cities
- 43km (27mi) SSW of Coquimbo, Chile
- 47km (29mi) NW of Ovalle, Chile
- 52km (32mi) SW of La Serena, Chile
- 73km (45mi) NW of Monte Patria, Chile
- 360km (224mi) NNW of Santiago, Chile
Earthquake Location Map

Source: USGS/EHP. Map enhanced by FIRE-EARTH Blog.
Related Links
Posted in Significant Event Imagery, significant events | Tagged: chile, chile earthquake, Chile earthquake 2013, Chile Quake, Chilean margin triple junction, Constitucion, Coquimbo, earthquake 2013, Nazca Plate, Nazca Plate Region, santiago, South America Plate, South American arc | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on October 30, 2013
M6.2 quake strikes 9km SSE of Constitucion, Chile
The quake was preceded by a significant foreshock measuring 5.3Mw and followed by at least one sizable aftershock measuring 4.9Mw.
Earthquake Details
- Time: 2013-10-30 @ 02:51:51 UTC
- Location: 35.413°S, 72.368°W
- Depth: 18.3km
- Nearby Cities
- 9km (6mi) SSE of Constitucion, Chile
- 268km (167mi) SW of Santiago, Chile

Earthquake Location Map. Source: USGS/EHP. Enhanced by FIRE-EARTH Blog.
There were no local reports available, as of posting.
Posted in Global Disaster watch, Significant Event Imagery, significant events | Tagged: Chile Quake, Chilean margin triple junction, Constitucion, Nazca Plate, Nazca Plate Region, santiago, South America Plate, South American arc | 1 Comment »
Posted by feww on September 26, 2013
Powerful Quake Strikes Off the Coast of Peru
The 7.0 quake centered at 15.882°S, 74.543°W struck 40km deep in the Pacific Ocean, about 50km south of Acari in the southern Arequipa region, Peru, said USGS/EHP.
The quake has reportedly caused landslides, toppling adobe houses, killing at least three people and injuring 12 others in the Arequipa region, according to El Comercio.
The reported deaths and injuries occurred when a copper mine collapsed in the district of Chaparra trapping an unspecified number of miners.
The quake shook buildings in the capital of Lima more than 500km away, said the report.
Tsunami Status
Peruvian government has not issued any tsunami alerts.
NO destructive tsunami reported.
EQ Location Map

Earthquake Location Map. Source: USGS/EHP
EQ Details
- Event Date and Time: 2013-09-25 16:42:42 UTC
- Epicenter: 55.845°N, 135.970°W
- Depth: 40.0km (24.9mi)
- Nearby Cities
- 50km (31mi) S of Acari, Peru
- 95km (59mi) SE of Minas de Marcona, Peru
- 502km (312mi) SSE of Lima, Peru
Posted in Global Disaster watch, global disasters, global disasters 2013, peru-chile trench, Significant Earthquakes, Significant Event Imagery, significant events, significant geophysical disturbances | Tagged: Arequipa region, copper mine, earthquake, earthquake damage report, LIMA, Nazca Plate, Peru quake, South America Plate, tsunami | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on September 13, 2013
Volcanic ash from Ubinas sickening nearby residents
Ubinas Volcano’s 10th eruption since September 1, 2013 prompted the authorities to declare a 60-day state of emergency in various districts of the Moquegua and Arequipa departments, which are affected by volcanic emissions, especially silica ash, and near constant explosions.
The latest eruption sent a plume of ash and smoke to a height of about 2,500 meters above the crater summit, said the Geophysical Institute of Peru.

Ubinas Volcano. Photo credit: El Comercio/Carlos Zanabria
The silica ash from the volcano is damaging crops, polluting water sources, and threatening villagers and their livestock.
Authorities are distributing face masks and evacuating villagers living closest to the volcano. They are also planning to relocate at least one village to a safe area.
El Comercio reported earlier this week that some residents in the nearby town of Querapi, which authorities are planning to relocate, had arrived at a local hospital complaining of vomiting, headaches, and stomach pain, most likely cause by ingesting silica ash.
Villagers are also concerned for the health of their livestock, a major source of income. “In the district of Ubinas alone, there are an estimated 40,000 llamas and alpacas. According to El Comercio, up to 15% of these animals could be seriously affected by the silica ash, which has contaminated their grazing areas.”
Peru’s most active volcano, Ubinas is located about 70 kilometers from the city of Arequipa (metro pop: ~ 1,260,000), and 1,250km south of the capital Lima, close to the country’s Pacific coast, about 230 km east of the Peru-Chile trench and about 150 km above the Benioff-Wadati plane, where the Nazca plate is subducting under the continental part of the South American Plate.
Posted in environment, Global Disaster watch, global disasters, global disasters 2013, health | Tagged: Arequipa, Benioff-Wadati plane, Nazca Plate, peru, South American Plate, state of emergency, Ubinas, Ubinas volcano | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on September 5, 2013
Ubinas erupts after three years of dormancy
Ubinas Volcano in Moquegua region, SW Peru, erupted twice on September 1, and again on September 2, followed by two additional eruptions on September 3, and one on September 4.
The latest eruptions ejected columns of ash and volcanic gases to heights of about two kilometers above the summit crater.
Peru’s most active volcano, Ubinas is located about 70 kilometers from the city of Arequipa (metro pop: ~ 1,260,000), near the country’s Pacific coast, about 230 km east of the Peru-Chile trench and about 150 km above the Benioff-Wadati plane, where the Nazca plate is subducting under the continental part of the South American Plate.
“We have to be alert in monitoring the volcano to consider any evacuation if it is needed,” said President Ollanta Humala on Wednesday.

Ubinas Volcano has erupted six times since September 1, 2013 after three years of dormancy. Image credit: ANDINA
Related Search Terms on Fire Earth
“UBINAS” “Volcano Watch”
Posted in Significant Event Imagery, significant events, significant geophysical disturbances, volcano images, Volcano News, Volcano Watch, Volcano Watch Weekly, volcanoes | Tagged: Arequipa, Benioff-Wadat, Nazca Plate, peru, Peru-Chile Trench, South American Plate, Ubinas, Ubinas volcano | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on April 9, 2012
Disaster Calendar 2012 – April 9
Mass die-offs resulting from human impact and the planetary response to the anthropogenic assault could occur by early 2016. SYMBOLIC COUNTDOWN: 1,437 Days Left to the ‘Worst Day’ in Human History
First rainy season of 2012 affects 12,000 people, leaving 10 dead or missing
At least 10 people are dead and more than 12,000 affected by flooding and landslides following this year’s first rainy season, Colombian government said.
- Bogota, Colombia. Flooding and landslides caused by the region’s first rainy season have left at least 10 people dead or missing and affected more than 12,000 so far this year, Colombian authorities said.
- Extreme rain events have deluged the Bogota metropolitan area and about 70 other municipalities across 23 departments (states) since January.
- More than 2,300 homes, schools and public buildings, as well as dozens of roads bridges and other infrastructure were damaged or destroyed.
Significant Events
- Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Colombia. A ‘Red Alert’ has been issued for the central Colombia Nevado del Ruiz volcano because the authorities believe an eruption is imminent.
- The highest alert was issued “for the rivers that descend from the Nevado del Ruiz volcano because of a change in eruption threat and the heavy rains that have occurred in the area,” said Colombia’s meteorological institute IDEAM on Sunday.
- The alert covers residential areas near a dozen rivers and streams in several departments in Colombia’s Midwest region due to ongoing extreme rain events.
- The volcano was placed on ‘Orange Alert’ on March 31 due to increased seismic activity.
- The deadliest eruption of the Nevado del Ruiz occurred in 1985, when lahars killed more than 25,000 people and injured more than 5,000 others, destroying thousands of homes, erasing the town of Armero in Tolima department and causing substantial damage to the town of Chinchiná in Caldas.

Nevado del Ruiz threatens to erupt. The volcano sits on the border of Caldas and Tolima departments about 130 km (80 mi) west of Colombia’s capital, Bogotá. Photo credit: Jhon Jairo Bonilla/El Tiempo
Río Lagunillas, former location of Armero

Within four hours of the beginning of the eruption, lahars had traveled 100 km and left behind a wake of destruction: more than 23,000 people killed, about 5,000 injured, and more than 5,000 homes destroyed along the Chinchiná, Gualí, and Lagunillas rivers. Hardest hit was the town of Armero at the mouth of the Río Lagunillas canyon, which was located in the center of this photograph. Three quarters of its 28,700 inhabitants perished. Source: USGS. Photo: J. Marso, taken in late November 1985

Volcanic hazard map for Nevado del Ruiz. Lahars from 1985 eruption shown in red. Source: Wright, Thomas L. and Pierson, Thomas C. (1992); via Living with volcanoes, USGS.
Global Disasters: Links, Forecasts and Background
Posted in global deluge, Global Disaster watch, global disasters, global disasters 2012 | Tagged: Andean Volcanic Belt, Armero tragedy, Bogota, Chinchiná River, Colombia flooding, Colombia Landslides, disaster calendar, Disaster Calendar 2012, Flooding and Landslides, IDEAM, Kumanday, La Mesa de Herveo, Lagunilla River valley, Nazca Plate, Nevado del Ruiz, Nevado del Ruiz eruption, South American continental plate, Volcanic hazard map for Nevado del Ruiz, volcano red alert | Leave a Comment »
Posted by feww on March 2, 2010
Topographic Map of Chilean Coast Showing the Location of the M8.8 Earthquake and Most of the Aftershocks

The above topographic map shows the epicenter of the M8.8 megaquake and the area between the cities Santiago and Concepcion, the Chilean capital and its 2nd largest city respectively, where most of the aftershocks occurred. The red line marks the boundary line between the Nazca and South America Plates. Nazca plate subducts South America Plate at a rate of 80 mm/year. Black circles also show the magnitude of the shocks. Image Credit: NASA.
The area has experienced at least 13 events of magnitude 7.0 or greater since 1973. The M8.8 shock on February 27 struck about 230 km north of the epicenter of the M9.5 earthquake that occurred in May, 1960 – world’s largest instrumentally recorded quake which killed 1,655 people in southern Chile.
Related Links:
Posted in chile plate tectonics, chile quake aftermath, earthquake, Largest Earthquake, subduction zone | Tagged: chile earthquake, Concepción, Nazca Plate, South America Plate, Topographic Map of Chilean Coast | 2 Comments »
Posted by feww on September 29, 2009
On June 29, 2009, after a magnitude 5.3 quake struck off coast of Isen, Chile, at a depth of 10km, the Moderators forecast:
FEWW believes that the quake could be followed by more shocks, a number of which could be larger in magnitude, along the Chile Ridge, near the coast of Chile and about the subducting Nazca Plate. Additional seismic activity in the region could result in a new, more intense phase of activity in Chaitén, or prime other regional volcanoes for eruption.
Well, Chaitén is still awake, doing what volcanoes do best: Spewing ash, steam, sulfur…
Ash and Steam Plume from Chaitén

The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) aboard the NASA/USGS Earth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite acquired this natural color image of Chaitén on September 27, 2009, at roughly 10:30 am local time. According to a report, there was an ash plume extending 56 km (35 miles) northwest of the summit at the time the image was taken.
NASA image by Robert Simmon, using EO-1 ALI data provided courtesy of the NASA EO-1 team. Caption by Robert Simmon. [Edited by FEWW]
Related Links:
Posted in Chaiten, Chaiten volcano, obduction, oceanic tectonic plate, orogeny. Tagged: block rotation, Plate Tectonics | Tagged: Chaitén Activity, Chaitén satellite image, Chaiten, Chaiten volcano, Chile Ridge, Nazca Plate, volcanism | Leave a Comment »